5.4.1.1. Hazard identifification. VR technology acts as an experience
oriented method of safety hazards cognitive for difffferent construction
participants in various project/activity/work-task levels. The multiple
baseline testing was adopted by Albert et al.[42]which selected six
baselines based on occupations (mechanical, civil, maintenance,
electrical, structural, and insulation) to conduct the experiment. It is
a method for validating the effffectiveness of workers in hazard
recognition. However, workers in various trades face difffferent types
of hazards. Thus, not all the hazards could be presented in this
experiment, which results in an inaccurate rate to hazard
identifification. The empirical records analysis is a subjective
evaluation method, which could be useful for a specifific project to
identify the hazards by designers and builders together[24]. This is a
new vision to involve the non-construction related participants (i.e.,
designers) to evaluate the VR in risk recognition and identifification. It
could be an effiffifficient way to reduce hidden hazards in the design phase.
5.4.1.2. Training and education. In the process of safety training, most
studies utilized the novice and professionals as the comparative subjects
through subjective (i.e., interview and questionnaire survey) and
objective (i.e., cognitive load, the level of satisfaction, completion
time) evaluation methods. As a matter of fact, most of the operatives or
workers deemed the safety problems were induced by the personal
behavior and attitude[60]. Although these platforms or systems can
assist operatives or workers in safety training, it is diffiffifficult to avoid the
occurrence of safety issues without the workers' commitment[86]. A
signifificant advantage was found for VR training for stone cladding work
and for cast-in-situ concrete work, but not for general site safety. VR
ffffective in terms of maintaining trainees' attention
and concentration, as well as enhancing the trainees' con
In addition, trainees performed the walking tasks on real planks in an
Automation in Construction 86 (2018) 150–162
158immersed VR scaffffolding simulation with more caution, more realistic
responses (smaller stride length), less stress, and better stability with
than when they were on virtual planks only[72–74].
The standard practice to measure the effffectiveness of alternate
safety education methods is questionnaire surveys. Notably, students
showed optimistic attitudes towards using the game scoring as a way to
reflflect their safety knowledge[27]. Although questionnaire survey
could reveal a subjective measure of students' interest and engagement,
this is a secondary metric, and any new technology should be measured
by evaluating the degree of knowledge transfer[22]. The incorporation
of VR/AR technologies into pedagogical methods or modes should be
the development direction for construction safety education. Additional
works on easing the practice and studies are associated with VR/AR
content generation and reuse. This would allow individual instructors
to customize content tofifit their particular audience more effiffifficiently,
and update information in line with local best practices[27].
5.4.1.3. Inspection and instruction. Validation of safety inspection and
instruction include damage inspection[37], information retrieval and
safety reporting[35]. Some experiments show that it is feasible to
measure drift in damaged buildings as the objective indicators for
evaluating the accuracy of AR systems[52]. The effffectiveness of
retrieving building information was evaluated by comparing the
traditional 2D drawings and the AR systems. The results showed that
the mean completion times were signifificantly shorter for participants
using the AR systems, and the average success rates of participants
arriving at the correct answers were also signifificantly improved in on
site communication[39]. The potential of the proposed AR based
reporting system includes promptfifield reporting in 3D information,
minimizing the timefifield personnel spent on accessing project
information and communicating with others to resolve an issue/
conflflict on the job site[35].
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